Itekhnoloji yangasemva:
Iifasteners zamandla aphezuluzifuna ukucinywa kunye nonyango ngokweemfuno zobugcisa.Ukucima unyango lobushushu kunye nobushushukukuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini ezibanzi zeefasteners ukuhlangabezana nokuqina okuxeliweyo kunye nomlinganiselo wesivuno seemveliso. Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgangatho wangaphakathi we-fasteners ephezulu, ngakumbi umgangatho wabo wangaphakathi. Ngexesha lokucima kunye nokufudumeza inkqubo yonyango lobushushu, enye igesi ene-oxidizing idla ngokuziswa ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo. Irhasi ene-oxidizing iya kusabela ngebholiti, ibangele i-decarburization kumphezulu webholithi. Ngenxa yendawo eyahlukileyo kunye nezakhiwo zangaphakathi, inee-coefficients ezahlukeneyo zokwandisa. Ngexesha lokucima, ukuqhekeka komhlaba kunokwenzeka, ukunciphisa umgangatho wemveliso. Inkqubo yonyango lwemveli yokushisa ibandakanya ukubeka ngokuthe ngqo iibholithi kwisithando somlilo sokucima ubushushu obuphezulu. Ngexesha lokucima kunye nenkqubo yokucima, iingxaki ezinjengobunzima obunganeleyo kwisimo esicinyiweyo, ubunzima obungalinganiyo kwisimo esicinyiweyo, ukucima ukuguqulwa okugqithisileyo, kunye nokucima ukuqhekeka kukulungele ukwenzeka. Ngenxa yoku, kuyimfuneko ukwenza ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yonyango lwendabuko.
Imiba yophumezo lobuchwephesha:
Ukujongana neziphene zobuchwephesha obukhoyo, injongo yoyilo lwangoku kukubonelela ngenkqubo yonyango lobushushu kwiibholiti ezinesiphumo esingcono sokucima, umgangatho wemveliso ophuculweyo, kunye nobomi benkonzo eyandisiweyo yemveliso.
Ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi njongo zingasentla, olu yilo lwangoku lwamkela esi sisombululo silandelayo:
Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu beebholiti ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
S1. I-Dephosphorization;
S2. Unyango lwangaphambili: Beka imveliso kwisithando sokufudumala kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ujove igesi ye-nitrogen yobushushu obuphezulu kwisithando somlilo. Emva kokutshisa i-2.5 kwiiyure ze-3, yisuse kwaye uyibeke kwisithando somlilo se-carburizing unyango lwe-carburization;
S3. Ukucima: Beka imveliso kwisithando somlilo kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ujove i-nitrogen kwisithando somlilo. Emva kokutofa i-nitrogen kwimizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40, phakamisa kancinci ubushushu beziko lokucima ukuya kuma-460-500 ℃ kwaye uyigcine imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20 phambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lokuqala lokucima; Kancinci ukwandisa ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-550 ~ 700 ℃ kwaye uyigcine imizuzu engama-20 ~ 35 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nesigaba sesibini sokucima unyango; Kancinci ukwandisa ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-750-850 ℃ kwaye uyigcine imizuzu engama-30-45 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lesithathu lokucima unyango;
S4. Ukupholisa i-oyile: Thatha imveliso ecinyiweyo kwaye uyibeke kwitanki yeoli yokuqala yokucima ukupholisa ioli, uvuselela yonke imizuzu eyi-15 kwaye uyigcine imizuzu engama-20-30; Emva kokususwa, yibeke kwitanki ye-oyile yokucima i-oyile yesibini yokupholisa i-oyile, xuba yonke imizuzu eyi-15 de ubushushu bemveliso buhle ukuya kwi-100 ℃;
S5. Ukususwa kwe-oyile: Thatha imveliso epholileyo kwaye uyivumele ime imizuzu engama-35-45, kwaye uvuthe ioli yokucima phezu kwemveliso ngomoya obandayo;
S6. Ukufudumeza: Beka imveliso ethotyiweyo kwiziko lokushushumbisa unyango, hlengahlengisa ubushushu bobushushu ukuya kwi-110 ~ 180 ℃, kunye nexesha lobushushu libe yi-1.5 ~ 3 iiyure. Yenza inqanaba lokuqala lonyango lokufudumala; Phakamisa ubushushu ukuya kwi-370-410 ℃ kunye nokucaphuka kweeyure ezingama-3-6 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lesibini lonyango lobushushu; Emva kokupholisa unyango, umoya upholise imveliso kwiqondo lokushisa.
Ngokufanelekileyo, kwinqanaba le-s1 ngasentla, isisombululo sokucoca sinezi nxalenye zilandelayo ngobunzima: 20-36 iinxalenye ze-butyl acetate, i-10-13 iinxalenye ze-polyglycolic acid, i-16-20 ye-aminoacetic acid, i-13-22 ye-ethyl acrylate, i-5-9 iinxalenye ze-oleic acid, i-35 yetyuwa ye-triethano I-18-26 iinxalenye zamanzi, ezinokususa ngokufanelekileyo amabala e-oyile ebusweni bemveliso kwaye ugweme ukuchaphazela umphumo wokucima.
Eyona nto ibhetele, itanki ye-dephosphorization ekhankanywe ngasentla ixhotywe ngesisombululo se-dephosphorization, esikhetha isisombululo se-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-2.2-6.5g / l okanye isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-2.8-6.9g / l.
Eyona nto ibhetele, kwisinyathelo se-s2 esikhankanywe ngasentla, igesi ye-nitrogen ephezulu yokushisa efakwe kwisithando sokufudumala igesi ye-nitrogen kwisithando sokucima i-s3, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwe-2.5-3.5l / h. Ngokutshisa imveliso, isisombululo sokucoca ebusweni baso sinokomiswa kwaye ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa kwisithando sokucima kunokuphepha ukuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso.
Ngokukodwa, kwinqanaba le-s3 apha ngasentla, izinga lokuhamba kwe-nitrogen yi-4-5l / h, enokususa umoya kwisithando sokufudumala, ukunqanda ukusabela kwe-oxidation phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye nemveliso, kwaye ugweme i-decarburization, enokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-fasteners enentambo kunye nokunciphisa ubomi benkonzo yemveliso.
Ngokukodwa, kwinqanaba le-s3 ngasentla, izinga lokufudumeza kwesithando somlilo ngexesha lokufudumeza ukuya kwi-460-500 ℃ yi-30-40 ℃/min, izinga lokufudumeza ngexesha lokufudumeza ukuya kwi-550-700 ℃ yi-50-60 ℃/min, kunye nesantya sokufudumeza ngu-05 ℃ ngexesha lokufudumeza 070 ℃. 70-90 ℃/min. Inqanaba lokufudumeza unyango lokucima kunokuphucula umphumo wokucima imveliso kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso.
Ngokukhethekileyo, kwinyathelo s4, ubushushu be-oyile yokucima kwitanki yokuqala yokucima i-oyile yi-250-300 ℃, kunye nobushushu be-oyile yokucima kwitanki ye-oyile yokucima i-50-70 ℃.
Kukhethwa ngakumbi, kwinyathelo s5 ngaphezulu, ubushushu bomoya obandayo yi-30-35 ℃, kwaye isantya somoya yi-20-25m/s.
Iingenelo zokwenziwa kwangoku kukuba inkqubo yonyango yobushushu bebholithi ilula, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye inesiphumo esihle sokucima. Ngokufudumeza imveliso, isisombululo sokucoca kwindawo yaso sinokomiswa, kwaye ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa kwisithando sokucima kunokuphepha ukuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso; I-nitrogen ephezulu yokushisa esetyenziswe kwisithando sokufudumala sivela kwisithando somlilo, ukuphelisa isixhobo sokufudumeza kwisithando sokufudumala, esinokugcina ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa; Ukutofa i-nitrogen kwi-preheating kunye nokucima umlilo kunokususa umoya ngaphakathi, ukuphepha ukuphendula kwe-oxidation phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye nemveliso, ngaloo ndlela ugweme i-decarburization kunye nokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-fasteners ene-threaded, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yemveliso; Ukufudumeza kwenqanaba unyango lokucima kunokuphucula umphumo wokucima imveliso kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wayo; Unyango lokupholisa i-oyile ehleliweyo lunokupholisa ngokufanelekileyo iimveliso zobushushu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokonakalisa umgangatho wazo.
Indlela yokuphumeza ethile
Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo ethile yokuqanjwa kwangoku ngokudibeneyo neempawu ezithile.
Umzekelo 1
Inkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu beebholiti ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
S1. I-Dephosphorization;
Isisombululo sokucoca siqukethe amacandelo alandelayo ngobunzima: iingxenye ezingama-20 ze-butyl acetate, iingxenye ezili-10 ze-polyglycolic acid, iinxalenye ze-16 ze-aminoacetic acid, iinxalenye eziyi-13 ze-ethyl acrylate, iinxalenye ezi-5 ze-oleic acid triethanolamine ityuwa, iingxenye ezi-3 ze-ethanolamine kunye ne-18 yamanzi; Itanki ye-dephosphorization ixhotywe ngesisombululo se-dephosphorization, esebenzisa isisombululo se-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-2.2g / l;
S2. Unyango lwangaphambili: Beka imveliso kwisithando sokufudumala kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ujove igesi ye-nitrogen yobushushu obuphezulu kwisithando somlilo. Emva kokufudumala kwiiyure ze-2.5, yikhuphe kwaye uyibeke kwisithando somlilo se-carburizing unyango lwe-carburization;
S3. Ukucima: Beka imveliso kwiziko lokucima kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ugalele igesi yenitrogen kwiziko lokucima. Isantya sokuhamba kwegesi ye-nitrogen yi-4l / h, kwaye emva kokutofa igesi ye-nitrogen kwimizuzu engama-30, ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa ubushushu beziko lokucima ukuya kwi-460 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumeza kwe-30 ℃ / min, kwaye uyigcine imizuzu eyi-15 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lokuqala lokucima unyango; Ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-550 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumala kwe-50 ℃ / min, kwaye sigcine imizuzu engama-20 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nesigaba sesibini sokucima unyango; Kancinci ukwandisa ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-750 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumeza kwe-70 ℃ / min, kwaye uyigcine imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lesithathu lokucima unyango;
S4. Ukupholisa i-oyile: Khupha imveliso ecinyiweyo kwaye uyibeke kwitanki yeoli yokuqala yokucima i-oyile yokupholisa. Ukushisa kweoli yokucima i-250 ℃, kwaye uvuselele yonke imizuzu eyi-15 imizuzu engama-20; Emva kokususwa, yibeke kwitanki ye-oyile yokucima i-oyile yesibini yokupholisa i-oyile, kunye nokushisa kwe-oyile yokucima kwi-50 ℃ kwaye uvuselele yonke imizuzu eyi-15 de iqondo lokushisa lehla liye kwi-100 ℃;
S5. Ukususwa kwe-oyile: Khupha imveliso epholileyo kwaye uyiyeke ime imizuzu engama-35. Ukucima ioli yokucima phezu kwemveliso ngomoya obandayo kwiqondo lokushisa elingama-30 ℃ kunye nesantya somoya se-20m / s;
S6. Ukufudumeza: Beka imveliso ethotyiweyo kwiziko lokushushumbisa unyango, hlengahlengisa ubushushu bobushushu bube yi-110 ℃, kunye nexesha lobushushu libe ziiyure eziyi-1.5. Yenza inqanaba lokuqala lonyango lokufudumala; Phakamisa ubushushu ukuya kwi-370 ℃, ukucaphuka iiyure ezi-3, kwaye uqhubeke nenqanaba lesibini lonyango lobushushu; Emva kokupholisa unyango, umoya upholise imveliso kwiqondo lokushisa.
Igesi yenitrogen ephezulu yobushushu yaziswa kwiziko lokufudumala kwinyathelo s2 yale nto yigesi yenitrogen evela kwiziko lokucima kwinyathelo s3, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwegesi yenitrogen ephezulu yobushushu yi-2.5l/h.
Umzekelo 2
Amanyathelo enkqubo kulo mfanekiso ayafana nalawo akuMzekelo 1, ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile zenkqubo, ezibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
S1. I-Dephosphorization: faka imveliso kumatshini wokucoca kwaye uthele kwisisombululo sokucoca de imveliso igxininiswe ngokupheleleyo kwisisombululo sokucoca. Lungisa ubushushu bokucoca ukuya kwi-50 ℃ kwaye uyishukumise rhoqo nge-15min. Emva kokucoca i-3h, khupha imveliso kwaye uyifake kwitanki ye-dephosphorization yonyango lwe-dephosphorization;
Isisombululo sokucoca siqukethe amacandelo alandelayo ngobunzima: iingxenye ze-36 ze-butyl acetate, iingxenye ze-13 ze-polyglycolic acid, i-20 ye-aminoacetic acid, i-22 ye-ethyl acrylate, i-9 ye-oleic acid triethanolamine ityuwa, i-16 inxalenye ye-ethanolamine kunye ne-26 yamanzi; Itanki ye-dephosphorization ixhotywe ngesisombululo se-dephosphorization, esikhethiweyo njengesisombululo se-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-6.5g / l okanye isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-6.9g / l;
S2. Unyango lwangaphambili: Beka imveliso kwisithando sokufudumala kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ujove igesi ye-nitrogen yobushushu obuphezulu kwisithando somlilo. Emva kokufudumala kwiiyure ze-3, yikhuphe kwaye uyibeke kwisithando somlilo se-carburizing unyango lwe-carburization;
S3. Ukucima: Beka imveliso kwiziko lokucima kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ugalele igesi yenitrogen kwiziko lokucima. Isantya sokuhamba kwegesi ye-nitrogen yi-5l / h, kwaye emva kokutofa igesi ye-nitrogen ye-40min, ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa ubushushu besithando sokucima ukuya kwi-500 ℃, kunye nezinga lokufudumeza kwe-40 ℃ / min, kwaye uyigcine i-20min ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lokuqala lokucima unyango; Kancinci ukwandisa ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-700 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumala kwe-60 ℃ / min, kwaye ubambe imizuzu engama-35 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nesigaba sesibini sokucima unyango; Ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-850 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumala kwe-90 ℃ / min, kwaye ubambe imizuzu engama-45 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nesigaba sesithathu sokucima unyango;
S4. Ukupholisa i-oyile: Khupha imveliso ecinyiweyo kwaye uyibeke kwitanki yeoli yokuqala yokucima i-oyile yokupholisa. Ubushushu beoli yokucima i-300 ℃, kwaye uvuselele yonke imizuzu eyi-15 imizuzu engama-30; Emva kokususwa, yibeke kwitanki ye-oyile yokucima i-oyile yesibini yokupholisa i-oyile, kunye nokushisa kwe-oyile yokucima kwi-70 ℃ kwaye uvuselele yonke imizuzu eyi-15 de iqondo lokushisa lehla liye kwi-100 ℃;
S5. Ukususwa kwe-oyile: Khupha imveliso epholileyo kwaye uyiyeke ime imizuzu engama-45. Ukucima ioli yokucima phezu kwemveliso ngomoya obandayo kwiqondo lokushisa lama-35 ℃ kunye nesantya somoya se-25m / s;
S6. Ukufudumeza: Beka imveliso ethotyiweyo kwiziko lokushushumbisa unyango, hlengahlengisa ubushushu bobushushu ukuya kwi-180 ℃, kunye nexesha lobushushu ukuya kwiiyure ezi-3. Yenza inqanaba lokuqala lonyango lokufudumala; Phakamisa ubushushu ukuya kwi-410 ℃, ukucaphuka kwiiyure ze-6, kwaye uqhubeke nenqanaba lesibini lonyango lobushushu; Emva kokupholisa unyango, umoya upholise imveliso kwiqondo lokushisa.
Igesi yenitrogen ephezulu yobushushu yaziswa kwiziko lokufudumeza kwinqanaba s2 yale nto yigesi yenitrogen evela kwiziko lokucima kwinyathelo s3, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwe-3.5l / h yobushushu obuphezulu begesi yenitrogen.
Umzekelo 3
Amanyathelo enkqubo kulo mfanekiso ayafana nalawo akuMzekelo 1, ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile zenkqubo, ezibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
S1. I-Dephosphorization;
Isisombululo sokucoca siqukethe amacandelo alandelayo ngobunzima: iingxenye ze-28 ze-butyl acetate, ii-12 ze-polyglycolic acid, ii-18 ze-aminoacetic acid, ii-18 ze-ethyl acrylate, ii-7 ze-oleic acid triethanolamine ityuwa, ii-10 ze-ethanolamine kunye neengxenye ezingama-22 zamanzi; Itanki ye-dephosphorization ixhotywe ngesisombululo se-dephosphorization, esikhethiweyo njengesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-concentration ye-4.5g / l;
S2. Unyango lwangaphambili: Beka imveliso kwisithando sokufudumala kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ujove igesi ye-nitrogen yobushushu obuphezulu kwisithando somlilo. Emva kokufudumala kweeyure ze-2.7, yisuse kwaye uyibeke kwisithando somlilo se-carburizing unyango lwe-carburization;
S3. Ukucima: Beka imveliso kwiziko lokucima kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ugalele igesi yenitrogen kwiziko lokucima. Isantya sokuhamba kwegesi ye-nitrogen yi-4.5l / h, kwaye emva kokutofa igesi ye-nitrogen kwimizuzu engama-35, ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa ubushushu beziko lokucima ukuya kwi-480 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumala kwe-35 ℃ / min, kwaye uyigcine imizuzu eyi-18 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lokuqala lokucima unyango; Ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-575 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumala kwe-55 ℃ / min, kwaye sigcine imizuzu engama-27 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nesigaba sesibini sokucima unyango; Kancinci ukwandisa ukushisa kwesithando sokucima ukuya kwi-800 ℃, kunye nesantya sokufudumeza kwe-80 ℃ / min, kwaye uyigcine imizuzu engama-38 ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nenqanaba lesithathu lokucima unyango;
S4. Ukupholisa i-oyile: Khupha imveliso ecinyiweyo kwaye uyibeke kwitanki yeoli yokuqala yokucima i-oyile yokupholisa. Ukushisa kweoli yokucima i-275 ℃, kwaye uvuselele yonke imizuzu eyi-15 imizuzu engama-25; Emva kokususwa, yibeke kwitanki ye-oyile yokucima i-oyile yesibini yokupholisa i-oyile, kunye nobushushu be-oyile yokucima kwi-60 ℃ kwaye ugxobhoze yonke imizuzu eyi-15 de ubushushu bemveliso buhla ukuya kwi-100 ℃;
S5. Ukususwa kwe-oyile: Khupha imveliso epholileyo kwaye uyiyeke ime imizuzu engama-40. Ukucima ioli yokucima phezu kwemveliso ngomoya obandayo, kunye nobushushu be-33 ℃ kunye nesantya somoya se-22m / s;
S6. Ubushushu: Beka imveliso ethotyiweyo kwiziko lokushushumbisa unyango, hlengahlengisa iqondo lobushushu libe yi-145 ℃, kunye nexesha lokupholisa libe ziiyure ezi-2.2. Yenza inqanaba lokuqala lonyango lokufudumala; Phakamisa ubushushu ukuya kwi-390 ℃, ubushushu beeyure ze-4.5, kwaye uqhubeke nenqanaba lesibini lonyango lobushushu; Emva kokupholisa unyango, umoya upholise imveliso kwiqondo lokushisa.
I-nitrogen ephezulu yobushushu efakwe kwisithando sokufudumala kwinqanaba le-s2 yale nto yi-nitrogen kwiziko lokucima kwinqanaba le-s3, kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwe-3l / h.
Uvavanyo lokusebenza koomatshini
Ngokweziphumo zokuvavanya, kunokubonwa ukuba inqanaba lamandla eebhotshi eziphathwayo yinkqubo yonyango yokushisa yoyilo lwangoku lungaphezulu kwe-10.5, ehlangabezana neemfuno zomgangatho.
Inkqubo yonyango lobushushu lwebholiti yoyilo lwangoku ilula, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye inesiphumo esihle sokucima. Ngokutshisa imveliso, isisombululo sokucoca ebusweni baso sinokomiswa, kwaye ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa kwisithando sokucima kunokuphepha ukuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso; I-nitrogen ephezulu yokushisa esetyenziswe kwisithando sokufudumala sivela kwisithando somlilo, ukuphelisa isixhobo sokufudumeza kwisithando sokufudumala, esinokugcina ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa; Ukutofa i-nitrogen kwi-preheating kunye nokucima umlilo kunokususa umoya ngaphakathi, ukuphepha ukuphendula kwe-oxidation phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye nemveliso, ngaloo ndlela ugweme i-decarburization kunye nokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-fasteners ene-threaded, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yemveliso; Ukufudumeza kwenqanaba unyango lokucima kunokuphucula umphumo wokucima imveliso kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wayo; Unyango lokupholisa i-oyile ehleliweyo lunokupholisa ngokufanelekileyo iimveliso zobushushu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokonakalisa umgangatho wazo.
Kwinkcazo yale ngcaciso, ireferensi yamagama afana “nomfanekiso omnye”, “umfuziselo othile”, “imizekelo”, “imizekelo ethile”, okanye “eminye imizekelo” ithetha ukuba iimpawu ezithile, izakhiwo, imathiriyeli, okanye iimpawu ezichazwe ngokudityaniswa nembonakaliso okanye umzekelo zibandakanyiwe ubuncinane kumzekelo omnye okanye kumzekelo wokuqanjwa kwangoku. Kolu lubalulo, iintetho ezicwangcisiweyo zala magama angasentla awabhekiseli kwimizekelo efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, iimpawu ezithile, izakhiwo, imathiriyeli, okanye iimpawu ezichaziweyo zinokudityaniswa ngendlela efanelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na enye okanye imizekelo emininzi.
Oku kungasentla kubonisa kwaye kuchaza imigaqo esisiseko, iimpawu eziphambili, kunye noncedo oluyiliweyo lwangoku. Amagcisa kolu shishino kufuneka aqonde ukuba ezi embodiments ngasentla musa nangayiphi na indlela ukunqanda uyilo lwangoku, kwaye naziphi na izisombululo zobugcisa ezifunyenwe ngokutshintsha ngokulinganayo okanye inguqu efanayo ziwela ngaphakathi umda wokhuselo lokuqanjwa lwangoku.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-04-2023